path

When referring to the sun and moon in the Qur'an, emphasized that each moves in a particular orbit.
"It is He who created night and day, sun and moon. Each of them is circulating in an orbit." (The Qur'an, 21:33)
It is also mentioned in another verse that the sun is not stationary, but moves in certain orbits:
"And the sun runs in the circulation. That assessment is the Mighty, the Knower." (The Qur'an, 36:38)
The facts presented in this Qur'an have been discovered through astronomical observations of our time. According to the calculations of experts on astronomy, the sun moves with incredible speed that reaches 720 thousand miles per hour toward the star Vega in a particular orbit called the Solar Apex. This means that the sun moves a distance of approximately 17.28 million miles in a day. Together with the sun, all planets and satellites in the solar gravitational system also travel the same distance. Furthermore, all the stars in the universe are in a similar planned motion.
As with other comets in the universe, Halley's comet, as seen above, are also moving to follow the orbit or an orbit has been determined. Comet has a special path and move to follow this path in harmony together with other celestial objects.
The entire universe is filled with paths and orbits such as this, it is stated in the Qur'an as follows:
"By the sky that has the streets." (The Qur'an, 51:7)
There are about 200 billion galaxies in the universe, each of which consists of nearly 200 stars. Most of these stars have planets, and most of these planets have a moon. All celestial bodies are moving in the circulation line is calculated with great accuracy. Over millions of years, each one as "swimming" along its path in harmony and perfect order along with the other. In addition, a number of comets also move together along the path set for him. All celestial bodies including planets, satellites that accompany the planets, stars and even galaxies, have them orbit each other. All these orbits have been determined based on a very careful calculation carefully. Who build and maintain a perfect order is God, the Creator of all of all the worlds.
Orbits in the universe is not only possessed by the celestial bodies. The galaxies also travel at enormous speeds in the orbits and planned. During these movements, none of these celestial bodies cuts across another's path, or collides with another. In fact, it has been observed that the number of galaxies bumped into each other without any of the pieces touch each other.
Can be ascertained that the Qur'an was revealed at the time, people do not have today's telescopes or advanced technologies to observe the outer space millions of miles away, nor the modern knowledge of physics or astronomy. Therefore, when it is not possible to determine scientifically that space is "full of paths and orbits" as stated in the verse. However, it is openly declared to us in the Qur'an that was revealed at the time: because the Qur'an is the word of God.

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diamond

Diamond has various functions both in mengeboran, cutting tools, and jewelry. But is not it that makes diamond / diamond become so valuable. Genuine diamond becomes valuable because there are rare and difficult to obtain.
It is useful to remember when you're faced with obstacles / problems. Obstacles to give value for what you want to accomplish. The more difficult the achievement, the more valuable results.
Diamonds are expensive because you have to dig so deep and difficult - to find it. If only diamonds scattered them on the ground, certainly not a diamond so precious. Maybe even you have to PAY someone to dispose of as garbage.
Similarly, with the achievement. The things lightly, who just need a little effort - usually of low value or no value. To create something of high value, you have to overcome challenges that are also high.
Whether you're digging diamonds, or being scooped trash ...? Measure the value of the challenge. Because it is a true value.

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lombok island

Regional Tourist Destinations in Lombok
Below are some areas that are worth a visit when you vacation in Lombok:

1.   Suranadi. Here there are hotels complete with heated pool and tennis court. There's also the oldest Hindu temple, located 17 km if the drive from Mataram.
2. Lingsar. Temple with a sacred fish in the pond, the location of 9 km with a drive from the city of Mataram. 
3. Narmada. Botanical Garden of Lombok, with a swimming pool, and there are Hindu temples, Hindus are often used to pray, location 12 km drive from the city of Mataram.  
4. Bolong.Terdapat stone temple upon a rock that juts into the sea, and if good weather could see Mount Agung on Bali island, and nice to see the sights at sunset. Location 8 km drive from the city of Mataram. To enter the area, then we are obliged to wear yellow ribbons of fabric (can be rented on site), which fitted waist. Beautiful scenery here, the sea water broke through the rock between the holes, making a sound gemerosak. Unfortunately when I come here, the weather was still cloudy after the rain, but beautiful scenery. The sun peeked between the clouds, and light reflected off the water fall in the sea.  
5. Senggigi. Natural beach of white sand, clean, surrounded by hotels, guesthouses and bungalows. Very beautiful, especially if time is sunrise or sunset. Location 10 km drive from the city of Mataram. On the beach a lot of souvenir hawkers, in the form of freshwater pearl cultivation of the colorful, ranging from the price of 25.000, - Also read Lombok shirt hawkers and Senggigi, Lombok and distinctive carvings in wood, can be a place of fruit, masks and others.  
6. Sire Beach. Marine park with exotic coral and fish that swim from place to place. Located 36 km drive from the city of Mataram.  
7. Gili Air, Gili Meno and Gili Trawangan. Island paradise in the north of Lombok, surrounded by marine park. Here many people diving and surfing. In this island has many hotels and inns, so they can stay here, the beach is still original. To reach this location can use a motor boat.  
8. Sukarare. Village where people weave, this is where if you want to buy the traditional woven cloth of Lombok, and see how the weavers do their jobs. Location 25 km drive from the city of Mataram.
9. Rambitan / Sade. Native Village of Lombok, Sasak tribe with traditional houses, the location 50 km drive from the city of Mataram.  
10. Kuta / Tanjung Aan. Mandalika beach with the sparkling lights, where we can swim, there are hotels and restaurants. Every year there are celebrations capture / view Nyale, location 56 km drive from the city of Mataram.  
11. Mataram. Mataram is the capital of West Nusa Tenggara province. While Ampenan an old port city (now moved to a sheet). City Ampenan distinctively ancient architecture, which when cleaned and maintained properly, will become a popular tourist destination. In the town of Mataram (which has become an integral part of city and town Ampenan Inbound) we can culinary tourism, with eating food that his trademark Lombok is spicy. In Jakarta we've seen restaurants Taliwang, which turned out to Taliwang is the name of a region, which was initially a lot of typical food vendors in the area ini.Makanan typical Lombok Lombok, among others: Plecing kale, chicken plecingan, range chicken (very spicy chicken marinade) , sambal beberok. Plecing cuisine proved to be a name, so well known that given a dish spinach / cooked flavor Plecing, Plecing cooked chicken (chicken flavored spicy, silenced, baked / fried, then given a more spicy flavor.) Beberok sambal is sambal made from slices of eggplant purple, red onion slices, sliced ​​tomatoes and peppers, served alongside other dishes Lombok. Typical drinks are coconut honey, made up of water a young head, and his youth in suwir coconut and honey-suwir Ehmm sedaaap. To buy souvenirs typical Lombok woven fabric, could be in Cilinaya Shopping Centre.  
12. Inbound. It is a business city, there are agricultural market, bird market, and Mayura springs and temples Meru, the largest temple in Lombok. Inbound reputedly once been the former kingdom, but the former kingdom (site) was unrecognizable. If you'd like by-the food, then it could buy fried chicken leg, salted eggs and a variety of sweets from the seaweed.  
13. Senaru Sendanggile Waterfall Village, Kecamatan Bayan, which is a gate ascent of Mount Rinjani (3,726 meters). In Pusuk there are hundreds of monkeys who is always faithful waiting alongside a road to be fed by passing motorists crossing the winding streets in pusuk-kelok.jalan does look like a peak area that offers a different sensation for the rider and tourists asing.hutan lush protected and natural sound accompany the monkeys that line the roadside. Wonder if called Pusuk Pass .. do not forget to bring bananas if berkujung to Pusuk.Air gile Spring Waterfall originated from the spring leg of mountain Rinjani, the water clear and clean, the scenery around the mountain area could see the tops of mountains Senaru rinjani if ​​there are no clouds or overcast , incredibly amazing.  
14. Mount Rinjani National Park is a mountain located on the island of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Mountain which is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with an altitude of 3726 m above sea level and is located at latitude 8a º 25 'latitude and 116Â º 28' BT is a favorite for mountain climbers Indonesia for its beautiful scenery. This mountain is part of Mount Rinjani National Park which has an area of ​​approximately 41,330 ha and this will be proposed the addition to be 76 000 ha to the west and east.

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what is nuclear

Energy problem is one important issue that is being much talked about. Decreasing availability of energy sources, finding new energy sources, developing alternative energies, and the impact of energy use of petroleum on the environment into the themes of the interesting and much discussed. Global warming is believed to occur and will enter the stage of concern mentioned is the impact of energy use of petroleum which is the main energy source at this time.
The environmental impact and decreasing availability of petroleum energy resources force us to seek and develop new energy sources. One alternative source of potential new energy coming from nuclear energy. Although the impact and dangers posed great, can not be denied that nuclear energy is one viable alternative energy source into account.
The issue of developing nuclear energy today is around about the use of nuclear energy in the form of nuclear bombs and bad about the unfortunate collapse of the shadow of a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. These issues have formed a bad and frightening shadow of nuclear and development. In fact, the use of a wise, responsible, and control over nuclear energy to improve living standards while providing a solution to the problem of energy scarcity.
Nuclear fission
In general, nuclear energy can be produced through two kinds of mechanisms, namely the core fission or fission reaction and the incorporation of some of the core through a fusion reaction. Here will be discussed one of the mechanisms of production of nuclear energy, namely nuclear fission reactions.
A nucleus is pounded by heavy particles (eg neutrons) can be split into two lighter nuclei and some other particles. Such mechanism is called fission cores or nuclear fission. An example is the uranium fission reaction that ground (or absorb) slow neutrons. 

                                                                                               

fisi01Reaksi fission of uranium as above to produce a neutron in addition to the two lighter nuclei. These neutrons can hit the (absorbed) returned by the uranium nucleus to form the next fission. This mechanism continues to occur in a very fast form of uncontrolled chain reaction. As a result, there was a large release of energy in a short time. This mechanism occurring within the nuclear bomb that produces a powerful explosion. Thus, the fission reaction can form an uncontrollable chain reaction that has tremendous potential for explosive power and can be made in the form of a nuclear bomb. 

                                                  fission chain reaction (source: www.scienceclarified.com) 
Compared formed in the form of a nuclear bomb, the release of energy produced through fission reactions can be used for things more useful. For that, a chain reaction that occurs in the fission reaction must be made more controllable. This business can be done in a nuclear reactor. Uncontrolled chain reaction may be commercialized take place in the reactor which their safety and the energy produced can be utilized for more useful purposes, such as for research and to generate electricity. 



controlled fission chain reaction (source: www.atomicarchive.com)



In a controlled fission reaction, the number of neutrons is restricted so that only one neutron that will be absorbed to the next core division. With this mechanism, obtained by controlled chain reaction that produces energy that can be exploited for useful purposes.

Nuclear Reactor

Energy produced in nuclear fission reactions can be utilized for useful purposes. For that, the reaction must take place in a controlled fission in a nuclear reactor. A nuclear reactor has at least four basic components, namely the fuel elements, neutron moderator, control rods, and concrete shields.

                                         nuclear reactor scheme (source: http://personales.alc.upv.es)

Fuel elements provide a source of nuclei will experience nuclear fusion. Materials commonly used as a fuel is uranium U. fuel elements can be shaped rod placed inside the reactor core.

Neutrons produced in fission of uranium is in a fairly high speed. Meanwhile, neutrons which allows the nuclear fission is a slow neutrons so that needed materials that can slow the speed of these neutrons. This function is run by a neutron moderator that is generally in the form of water. So, there is water in the reactor core that serves as moderator to slow speed of neutrons because neutrons would lose some of its energy when colliding with water molecules.

The function of controlling the number of neutrons that can produce nuclear fission chain reaction carried by the control rods. In order for a chain reaction that occurred in control where only one neutron is absorbed only to trigger the next nuclear fission, used material that can absorb the neutrons in the reactor core. Materials such as boron or cadmium rods are often used as a control because effective at absorbing neutrons.

Control rods are designed in such a way that can automatically and out of the reactor core. If the number of neutrons in the reactor core exceeds the amount allowable (critical condition), then the control rod is inserted into the reactor core to absorb some neutrons to achieve a critical condition. Control rods will be removed from the reactor core if the number of neutrons under critical conditions (deficiency of neutrons), to restore conditions to critical conditions permitted.

Radiation generated in the division process of atomic nuclei or nuclear fission can endanger the environment surrounding the reactors. It needs a protector around a nuclear reactor for radiation from radioactive substances in the reactor does not spread into the environment surrounding the reactors. This function is performed by a shield made of concrete surrounding the reactor core. Concrete is known to effectively absorb the radiation beam so that the radioactive substance used as shielding material.

Nuclear Power

The energy produced from controlled nuclear fission reaction in a nuclear reactor can be used to generate electricity. Installation of electric energy generation of this kind is known as a nuclear power plant (NPP).
reactor-engr-wisc-edu1


 
scheme of nuclear power plants (source: http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu) 

One form of nuclear reactor is a pressurized water reactor (pressurized water reactor / PWR), the schema shown in the picture. The energy produced in nuclear reactors in the form of heat or heat produced by fuel rods. Heat or hot flushed from the reactor core along the water toward the heat exchanger (heat exchanger). Here the steam is separated from water and flowed into the turbine to drive turbines to produce electricity, while water is cooled and pumped back into reactor. Steam cold water that flows out after passing through the turbine is pumped back into the reactors.

To keep the water in the reactor (which is at a temperature of 300oC) does not boil (water boils at 100oC temperature and pressure of 1 atm), water is maintained in the high pressure of 160 atm. No wonder if the reactor is called pressurized water reactors.

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did muhammad author the quran

Who authored the Quran?  Someone must have produced it!  After all, how many desert men have stood up in the history of man and given the world a book like the Quran?  The book has amazing details of past nations, prophets, and religions as well as accurate scientific information unavailable at the time.  What was the source of all this?  If we were to deny the divine origin of the Quran, we are left with only a few possibilities:

- The Prophet Muhammad authored it himself.

- He took it from someone else.  In this case, he either took it from a Jew or a Christian or one of the foreigners in Arabia.  The Meccans did not bother to accuse him of having taken it from one of them.

A brief response from God is:

“And they say, ‘Legends of the former peoples which he has written down, and they are dictated to him morning and afternoon.’  Say, [O Muhammad], ‘It has been revealed by He who knows [every] secret within the heavens and the earth.  Indeed, He is ever Forgiving and Merciful.’” (Quran 25:5-6)

It was well known to his detractors that Muhammad, who was raised among them, never learned how to read or write from the time of his birth.  They knew whom he befriended and where he had traveled; they acknowledged his integrity and honesty by calling him ‘Al-Ameen,’ the Reliable, the Trustworthy, the Honest.[1]  Only in their revulsion against his preaching did they accuse him – and then it was anything they could dream up: He was accused of being a sorcerer, a poet and even an imposter!  They could not make up their minds.  God says:

“Look how they strike for you comparisons; but they have strayed, so they cannot [find] a way.” (Quran 17:47)

Simply, God is aware of what is in the heavens and the earth, He knows the past and the present, and reveals the truth to His prophet.

Could Muhammad Have Authored It?

It is impossible that Muhammad could have authored the Quran due to the following reasons:

First, several occasions presented themselves where he could have fabricated revelation.  For example, after the first revelation came, people awaited to hear more, but the Prophet did not receive anything new for months.  The Meccans began making fun of him, ‘His Lord has abandoned him!’  This continued until the 93rd chapter, Ad-Doha, was revealed.  The Prophet could have compiled something and presented it as the latest revelation to end the mockery, but he did not.  Also, at one point during his prophethood, some of the hypocrites accused his beloved wife Aisha of being unchaste.  The Prophet could have easily fabricated something to free her of blame, but he waited for many excruciating days, all spent in pain, mockery, and anguish, until revelation came from God freeing her from the accusation.

Second, there is internal evidence within the Quran that Muhammad was not its author.  Several verses criticized him, and were on occasion strongly worded.  How can an imposter prophet blame himself when it may run him into the danger of losing the respect, perhaps following, of his followers?  Here are some examples:

“O Prophet!  Why do you prohibit [yourself from] what God has made lawful for you, seeking the approval of your wives?  And God is Forgiving and Merciful.” (Quran 66:1)

“…while you concealed within yourself that which God is to disclose and you feared the people, while God has more right that you fear Him..” (Quran 33:43)

“It is not for the Prophet and those who have believed to ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even if they were relatives, after it has become clear to them that they are companions of Hellfire.” (Quran 9:113)

“But as for he who came to you striving [for knowledge] while he fears [God], from him you are distracted.  No!  Indeed, they [these verses] are a reminder.” (Quran 80:8-11)

If he were to hide anything, he would have hid these verses, but he recited them faithfully.

“And he [Muhammad] is not a withholder of [knowledge of] the unseen.  And it [the Quran] is not the word of a devil, expelled [from the heavens].  So where are you going?  It is nothing but a reminder to the worlds.” (Quran 81:24-27)

The Prophet is cautioned, perhaps warned, in the following verses:

“Indeed, We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth so you may judge between the people by that which God has shown you.  And do not be an advocate for the deceitful.  And seek forgiveness of God.  Indeed, God is ever Forgiving and Merciful.  And do not argue on behalf of those who deceive themselves.  Indeed, God loves not the one who is a habitually sinful deceiver.  They conceal [their evil intentions and deeds] from the people, but they cannot conceal [them] from God, and He is with them [in His knowledge] when they spend the night in such as He does not accept of speech.  And God ever is encompassing of what they do,.  Here you are – those who argue on their behalf in [this] worldly life – but who will argue with God for them on the Day of Resurrection, or who will [then] be their representative?  And whoever does a wrong or wrongs himself but then seeks forgiveness of God will find God Forgiving and Merciful.  And whoever earns [i.e., commits] a sin only earns it against himself.  And God is ever Knowing and Wise.  But whoever earns an offense or a sin and then blames it on an innocent [person] has taken upon himself slander and manifest sin.  And if it was not for the favor of God upon you, [O Muhammad], and His mercy, a group of them would have determined to mislead you.  But they do not mislead except themselves, and they will not harm you at all.  And God has revealed to you the Book and wisdom and has taught you that which you did not know.  And ever has the favor of God upon you been great.” (Quran 4:105-113)

These verses explain a situation in which a man from the Muslim inhabitants of Medina stole a piece of armor and hid it in the property of his Jewish neighbor.  When the owners of the armor caught up with him he denied any wrongdoing, and the armor was discovered with the Jewish man.  He, however, pointed to his Muslim neighbor, also denying his involvement in the crime.  The people from the Muslim’s tribe went to the Prophet to plead on his behalf, and the Prophet began to incline towards them till the above verses were revealed clearing the Jewish man of wrongdoing.  All this despite the Jew’s rejection of Muhammad’s prophethood!  The verses instructed Prophet Muhammad himself not to side with the deceitful!  The verses:

“…and do not be an advocate for the deceitful and seek forgiveness of God…and if it was not for the favor of God upon you, [O Muhammad], and His mercy, a group of them would have determined to mislead you.”

If Muhammad himself authored the Quran, thus being a lying imposter, he would have made sure that there was nothing in existence which could jeopardize the gaining of followers and supporters.  The fact that the Quran, on various occasions, reprimands the Prophet in certain issues in which he had made in incorrect judgment is in itself a proof that it was not authored by him.

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smoking and health

SMOKING interfere with health, the fact is we can not deny. Many diseases have proven to be harmful effects of smoking, either directly or indirectly.
The smoking habit is not only detrimental to the smoker, but also for those around.
SMOKE smoke is a pollutant for humans and the environment. Not only for health, smoking also causes problems in the economic field. In industrialized countries, now there is a tendency to quit smoking, while in developing countries, particularly Indonesia, instead tend to arise increased smoking habits.
Through resolution 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set 31 May as World Tobacco Free Day every year.
WHO report in 1983 stated, the number of smokers increased by 2.1 percent per year in developing countries, while in developed countries this figure decreased by around 1.1 percent per year.
Studies in Jakarta showed that 64.8 percent of men and 9.8 percent of women with age above 13 years are smokers. In fact, the adolescent group, 49 percent of male students and 8.8 percent of female students in Jakarta has been smoking.
Study in Semarang in 1973 by Prof. Boedi Darmojo get smoking prevalence at 96.1 percent of the pedicab drivers, 79.8 percent of the paramedics, 51.9 percent of civil servants, and 36.8 percent physician.
In a study conducted by Prof. Soesmalijah Soewondo from the Faculty of Psychology UI, which asked the number of people who do not stop smoking-derived answer that when not smoking, will be hard to concentrate, anxiety, and even can become obese, whereas when smoke, will feel more mature and able to arise the ideas or inspiration. Psychological factors and this is what a lot of physiological influence of smoking habits in the community.
Cigarette smoke contains a smoker who inhaled the gas and particle components. Particles released during smoking as much as 5 x 109 pp. Gas component comprises carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbon compounds. The particle component consisting of tar, nicotine, benzopiren, phenol, and cadmium.
Impact of lung Smoking can cause changes in the structure and function of airway and lung tissue. In large airways, mucous cells enlarge (hypertrophy) and mucus gland multiply (hyperplasia). In small airways, there was mild inflammation due to increased cell constriction and mucus buildup. In lung tissue, an increase in the number of inflammatory cells and damage to the alveoli.
Due to changes in the anatomy of the airways, in smokers there will be changes in lung function with all kinds of clinical symptoms. This became the main basis of the occurrence of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (PPOM).
It says smoking is the leading cause of occurrence of PPOM, including pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma.
The relationship between smoking and lung cancer have been studied in 4-5 decades. Found a strong association between cigarette smoking, particularly cigarettes, with the incidence of lung cancer. Some even expressly stated that the cigarettes as the main cause of lung cancer.
Cigarette smoke particles, such as benzopiren, dibenzopiren, and urethane, known as a carcinogen. Tar is also associated with risk of cancer. Compared with nonsmokers, the possibility arises of lung cancer in smokers reach 10-30 times more frequently.
The impact on the heart Many studies have shown a link smoking with coronary heart disease (CHD). Of the 11 million deaths per year in industrialized countries, the WHO reports that more than half (6 million) due to blood circulation disorders, in which 2.5 million are coronary heart disease and 1.5 million are stroke. MOH survey in 1986 and 1992, have increased mortality from heart disease from 9.7 percent (ranked third) to 16 percent (ranked first).
Smoking is a major factor causing the heart blood vessel disease. Not just cause of coronary heart disease, smoking is also bad for the brain and peripheral blood vessels.
Diembuskan smoke smokers smoke can be divided into primary (main stream smoke) and smoke the side (side stream smoke). The main smoke is tobacco smoke is inhaled directly by smokers, while the next smoke is tobacco smoke spread into the free air, which would be inhaled by another person or passive smoking.
It has been found 4000 different chemicals in cigarettes, with 40 species of which are carcinogenic (can cause cancer), in which the toxic material is mostly found on the side smoke such as carbon monoxide (CO) 5 times more common in addition to smoke than The main smoke, benzopiren 3 times, and ammonia 50 times. These materials can last up to several hours in a room after smoking stops.
Generally the focus of research aimed at the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide. Both these materials, in addition to increased oxygen demand, also disrupt the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) to the detriment of myocardial work.
Nicotine interfere with the sympathetic nervous system due to increased myocardial oxygen demand. Besides causing addiction of smoking, nicotine also stimulates the release of adrenaline, increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac oxygen demand, and cause heart rhythm disturbances. Nicotine also affect the nerves, brain, and many other body parts.
Nicotine activate platelets, with the consequent emergence of platelet adhesion (clotting) into the blood vessel wall.
Carbon monoxide causes desaturasi hemoglobin, reducing the direct supply of oxygen to tissues throughout the body including the myocardium. CO replaces the oxygen in hemoglobin, interfering with the release of oxygen, and accelerated atherosclerosis (calcification / thickening of artery walls). Thus, CO reduce physical exercise capacity, increased blood viscosity, making it easier for blood clotting.
Nicotine, CO, and other materials found in cigarette smoke damage the endothelium (inner wall of blood vessels), and facilitate the emergence of blood clotting.
In addition, cigarette smoke affect the lipid profile. Compared with nonsmokers, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride blood of smokers is higher, whereas HDL cholesterol is lower.
Coronary heart disease Smoking is proven to be the biggest risk factor for sudden death. The risk of coronary heart disease increased by 2-4 times in smokers compared with nonsmokers. This risk increases with age and number of cigarettes smoked. Research shows that smoking risk factors work synergistically with other factors, such as hypertension, fat content or high blood sugar, on the outbreak of CHD.
Please note that the risk of death from coronary heart disease decreases by 50 percent in the first year after smoking was stopped.
As a result of clotting (thrombosis) and calcification (atherosclerosis), blood vessel walls, smoking would obviously damage the blood vessels peripheral.
PPDP involving the arteries and veins in the leg or arm is often found in young adult heavy smoker, often will end up with amputation.
Disease (stroke) Blockage of blood vessels of the brain that are sudden or stroke associated with smoking a lot. Risk of stroke and death risk higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers.
In a study conducted in the United States and Britain, found smoking habits increase the likelihood of the emergence of AIDS in people with HIV. In the group of smokers, AIDS arise on average in 8.17 months, whereas in the group of nonsmokers arise after 14.5 months. The decline in smokers become immune trigger more easily exposed to AIDS so that quitting smoking is important in defense measures against AIDS.
Now more and more studied and reported adverse effect of smoking on pregnant women, impotence, decreased immune individuals, including in people with viral hepatitis, gastrointestinal cancer, and others.
From the point of health economics, the impact of diseases caused by smoking would certainly add to the cost, both for individuals, families, corporations, even countries.
Diseases caused by smoking affects the provision of manpower, especially skilled workers or executive staff, with sudden death or disability arising obvious cause big losses for the company. Decrease in labor productivity raises the company's earnings decline, also the economic burden is not small for individuals and families. Expenditures for health care costs increase, families, corporations, and government.
Smoking habits It's supposed efforts to stop smoking is the duty and responsibility of all levels of society. Business information and counseling, particularly among the younger generation, can also be associated with narcotics hazard mitigation efforts, the business school health, and public health education in general.
Community role model figures, including officials, religious leaders, teachers, health workers, artists, and sportsmen, it is fitting to set an example by not smoking.
Health professions, particularly doctors, play a very important role in counseling and be an example for society. The habit of smoking in physicians must be stopped immediately. They are exemplars Important: They do what They Preach practice model.
It should also limit the opportunity to smoke in public places, schools, public transport, and workplace; regulation and control of cigarette promotional advertising; put health warnings on cigarette packs and cigarette advertising.
Climate not smoking should be created. This should be implemented simultaneously by all of us, who wants the achievement of the Indonesian nation state and a healthy and prosperous.
Hans Tandra Medicine Specialist Doctors, living in Surabaya
Source: http://www.kompas.co.id/kesehatan/news/0306/30/105012.htm

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journey in turki

Istanbul - Turkey's largest city, located in the southwest region between the two countries are on the Bosporus and Sea of ​​Marmara sea. Stand By 660 BC Byzantium was named Constantinople in the year 330 by Constantine the Great who made the capital of East Roman or Byzantine empire. The city was conquered by the invaders in 1204 and the take-over by Turkey 1453.
Because of its long history of dominance of various ancient civilizations, the Istanbul which is the Mega City is a city rich in cultural heritage. Starting from the Hittites (1800 BC), Greece (8th century BC), Persian (6th century BC), and in the year 395 AD become part of the Byzantine Empire. Then the area in the conquered by the Ottoman Turks and remained a center of the Ottoman Empire from the 13th and 15th century for 600 years.
Turkey became a republic in 1923 with capital of Ankara and Istanbul remains the largest city. Istanbul in the select as the name officially in 1930.
Travel New Era in the city with a population of 12 million inhabitants is starting from sea port to the city center in Taksim Square.
Taksim Square is the pivot of the city of Istanbul. Includes transportation, centered here. Writers the opportunity to walk in this park at night. Watching the night life of this city. Along the way lengggang (Avenue) Istiklal Caddesi (Independence Avenue), this is a boulevard bervaving arena for residents and travelers to enjoy dinner, shopping or just enjoy the cool breeze at night this fall.
istanbul1
Assorted fruit typical hand Istanbul. (Wayan Manuh / New Era) Along the way there are only a few singers, corn merchants and traders kacang'Chestnut 'fuel. This round of bean-like seeds of jackfruit, it's also like boiled jackfruit seeds.
There are no vehicles pass because only for pedestrians. But in the daytime only the ancient tram which operates back and forth along the central axis of the Avenue.
Puat around this town there are also travel agencies, restaurants, eat and drink stalls, large hotels like Inter Continental, Ritz-Carlton and The Marmara Hotel, of course fast food chain like Burger King, McDonnald, Pizza Hut also enliven this place . Includes several consulates of other countries are also based along this road.
At the end of this avenue we we can visit the tallest building in the era the Galata tower is 63 meters seringgi. Round nine-storey building The former serves as a kind of fortress towers pegawas. The building is very striking and has its own history and can see the entire harbor peandangan 'Golden Horn and Topkapi palace from the ninth floor or the promenade of this building. Now used as a restaurant and Café.
By-the Turkish specialties such as 'Turkishdelight' typical Turkish sweets made from sugar and corn flour, with different flavors and colors. Most are made with the addition of various types of nuts as a flavor enhancer.
Such as almonds, cashew nuts and many other types of beans used yag. The author also visited the stores selling various kinds of beans and sugar cakes Turkey.
Go to Istanbul to visit historic sites such as Haghia Sophia or the Turkish language called the Ayasofya. The basilica was built in 532 and is a unique church that era of ancient roman style.
Uniquely this building was formerly the Greek orthodox cathedral, after the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453 Haghia Sophia in the fox into the mosque. Then known by the name of Aya Sofya Cami'i by Sultan Mahmet II.
In 1932 this mosque was closed and the buildings in use as a museum until now.
The building was described as the building of places of worship the most beautiful, richest, most luxurious not only for the east but to the world.
To enter the museum gate in the guard of four armed policemen, you must purchase tickets for € 10 or approximately USD 150,000.
The journey from the city then mengeliligi tourist attractions in the city of Istanbul is very easy. Transport whether trams, taxis and buses are all available. To tram ticket pay 1.5 lira Turkey. Approximately USD 10,000. Jump past the Topkapi Palace complex. In the palace which covers about 700,000 square meters, standing most of the buildings besejarah Turkey.
Of course, if you like kebabs are cooked in a typical Turkish, it's easy to see him at the roadside diner.
In front of the mosque of Sultan Ahmet or Blue Mosque
Grand Bazaar is a place that should not be missed if you travel to Istanbul. It is a bazaar or market the largest and oldest festival in the world. Which consists of more than 1,200 stores and includes 58 roads that bring in visitors from 250,000 to 400,000 per day.
Bazaar was opened in 1461, famous for its jewelry, pottery, spice and carpet shops. Most of the shops are grouped based on the goods sold. That where there is a special area craft vendors and leather clothing, jewelry and other gold.

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